Chapter Seventeen - Hawai'i & the Pacific Islands

 



The state of Hawai'i consists of eight inhabited islands and up to as many as one hundred, twenty uninhabited islands, including "The Big Island" of Hawai'i, Kahoolawe, Maui, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau.  The Hawai'ian islands were are the tops of volcanoes formed as the Pacific Plate moved over a hotspot.

Weather & Hazards
Hawai'i is located completely south of the Tropic of Cancer, so it experiences a warm and equable climate with few seasonal extremes.  Variation in temperature is dependent not regionally, but on the elevation and orientation of the land's topography.
Earthquakes are commonplace to the Hawai'ian islands, as well as the constant fear of tsunamis.  Due to the severity and frequency with which Hawai'i experiences tsunamis, the government now issues tsunami warnings well in advance of the five to fifteen hours it takes tsunamis to reach the islands in an attempt to minimize the potential loss of life.

Tsunami waves hitting Hawai'i

Settlement & Annexation
The Hawai'ian islands were among the last places on Earth to be discovered and inhabited.  Native Hawai'ians are believed to have descended from early Polynesian travelers, who first settled on the island of Kauai.
The islands were sighted by Captain James Cook in 1778,

Captain James Cook

the man now credited with the first European landing on these islands.  In the early nineteenth century, the land became interesting to Americans, who began to settle and cultivate the land.  Americans also used the islands as a strategic military stop-over point, due to Hawai'i's mid-Pacific location.
Traditionally ruled by King Kahmehameha I and his descendents, during the latter half of the nineteenth century, maintaining shipping interests with the American mainland became of the utmost importance.  Therefore, in 1898, the United States officially annexed the islands of Hawai'i as a US territory.

Tourism
Since World War II, tourism has become an increasingly important aspect of Hawai'i's economy.  Since the 1959 introduction of commercial jet airliners, Hawai'i has become one of the major tourist destinations in the world.  Despite the significant amount of revenue that tourism has traditionally brought to the state, tourism is a highly elastic product; it is entirely dependent on the state of the national and world economies.  Since the security scares following 11 September 2001, as well as the economic recession of 2008-2011, tourism in Hawai'i has declined.  This downturn in tourism, though, has reignited the ongoing debate on whether to allow the legalization of casino gambling in Hawai'i.

Works Cited - 

"Hawai'i and the Pacific Islands." The Geography of North America: Environment, Culture, Economy.

Pearson Education, Inc., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. <https://reader.cafescribe.com/reader/Reader.html?activationToken=LTSEV25ZSS7F2EK2&credential=K9ZJQ6J>.

Chapter Sixteen - The Pacific Northwest

The Pacific Northwest, as it is termed in the United States, is a vast region that encompasses western Oregon, western Washington, British Columbia west of the Rocky Mountains, and the southeastern panhandle of Alaska.  To Canadians, this region is named the Pacific Southwest for obvious reasons.

Weather

There are three major influences on the weather and climate of the region: 1) its location just east of the relatively warm ocean; 2) its location within the zone of onshore westerly winds; and 3) north-south mountain barriers located on the coast as well as further inland.  The Pacific Northwest experiences a significant rainshadow effect on the eastern side of the mountain ranges.  Winters are cool and rainy with numerous storms.  

Wine & Beer

The soils and climate in southern Oregon and the Willamette Valley have been found to be similar to those of northern France, as well as the wine grape regions of northern California were found to similar to Oregon’s ecosystems. Thus, a wine industry with about four hundred family-owned wineries was born, producing specialty wines from Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Pinot Gris.  

In the late twentieth century, wine grape growing was successfully initiated in various locations in eastern Washington and southern British Columbia. In the early twenty-first century, traditional hop growing in the Pacific Northwest evolved into experimentation with home brewing and the development of small-scale commercial craft breweries and "microbreweries." 

Tourism

Tourism has also become increasingly important to the economy of the Pacific Northwest. More and more people from throughout the United States travel to Washington, Oregon, British Columbia, and southeastern Alaska to participate in outdoor activities such as backpacking, sport fishing, river rafting, and sightseeing. The redwood forests of northwestern California and southern Oregon, the Oregon coast, the Cascade Mountains, Puget Sound, and cities such as Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver are especially attractive to tourists. Cruise ships frequently mark the coastline from Bellingham and Seattle or Vancouver to Anchorage on the Inside Passage, allowing visitors to see glaciers, grizzly bears, and the historic ports of the British Columbia and Alaskan coasts.  

Works Cited - 

"The Pacific Northwest." The Geography of North America: Environment, Culture, Economy. Pearson Education, Inc., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. <https://reader.cafescribe.com/reader/Reader.html?activationToken=LTSEV25ZSS7F2EK2&credential=K9ZJQ16J>.

Chapter Fifteen - California

California is one the the largest cultural centers of the United States.  Spanning a distance equal to that from Philadelphia to Northern Florida, California is influential in many ways.  

Weather & Hazards

California is known for its classic weather.  While the majority of the state experiences a Mediterranean climate, with long, warm summers and very little precipitation during the cooler winters, one envisions only sunny summer days that last forever.  

Earthquakes are most often associated with California.  California is located on the tectonic boundary of both the North American and Pacific plates, creating a series of strike-slip faults throughout the state. One of the largest and most well-known of these faults is the San Andreas Fault, which extends over a significant portion of California.  Many destructive earthquakes have been associated with California, including the Northridge Earthquake in 1994, which caused major damage throughout the San Fernando Valley and surrounding areas, including CSUN.  

Agriculture

California is a major agricultural contributor to the United States.  Regions including the Central Valley, encompassing both the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, as well as Salinas Valley and others, are famous for their diverse agricultural production.  The Golden State produces all of the United States' dates, kiwi, olives, and nectarines.  California also produces grapes, cotton, grains, rice, almonds, tomatoes, sugar beets, and wheat.  

Industries

California is home to a great variety of industries, it being most famous for its high-techonology and entertainment industries.  The Silicon Valley in the northern portion of the state.  With its mild climate, abundance of outdoor recreation activities, and easy access to the metropolitan San Francisco area, Silicon Valley has become attractive to highly-educated employment seekers, and has thus become the technologic center of the nation.  

California has also had the opportunity to portray its own image through its entertainment industry.  While New York City was formerly the entertainment hubbub of the United States, executives sought out locations in California in order to film year-long without weather complications.  Because of this, the classic image of Hollywood was born.  

                         

 

Works Cited -
"California." The Geography of North America: Environment, Culture, Economy. Pearson Education,
Inc., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014. <https://reader.cafescribe.com/reader/Reader.html?activationToken=LTSEV25ZSS7F2EK2&credential=K9ZJQ16J>.

Chapter Fourteen - MexAmerica

Geography
MexAmerica extends the entire US-Mexican border along the Rio Grande, stopping at the Gulf of Mexico.  It encompasses large metropolitan regions, including Phoenix, Tuscon, El Paso, and San Antonio; populated rural areas in Texas; and miles of uninhabited desert.

Weather & Climate

MexAmerica is an extremely dry region.  Based on elevation, summer temperatures often reach over 100 degrees, and winters are cooler, with an average high of 65 degrees.  Due to the climatic conditions of this area, many farmers grow frost-sensitive crops here, including citrus fruits.  

Economy

A mainstay in the economic development of MexAmerica is maquiladoras.  Maquiladoras are foreign-owned (mainly American-owned) manufacturing operations located on the US-Mexican border.  These operations allow the operators to achieve as much production at a lower cost, while simultaneously increasing job opportunities to Mexican citizens.  These maquiladoras are located in free trade zones, as set up and regulated by NAFTA, or the North American Free Trade Agreement.  NAFTA helps to facilitate export and import between the three countries of North America: the United States, Mexico, and Canada.  The major maquiladora centers of MexAmerica are located in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez. This is what maquiladoras produce:

Cultural Diversity

Like New York City, the region of MexAmerica has become a center of cultural diversity.  There has been a significant influence on the cuisine, music, dress, and overall culture on this part of the United States due to the amount of Mexican-born, Mexican-heritage, and Spanish-heritage Latinos that now inhabit the region.  A new culture has formed within the region, a blending of the cultures of those who live in MexAmerica.  

Works Cited - 

http://mexamerica.net/site/

http://www.garreau.com/main.cfm?action=chapters&id=43

Chapters Twelve & Thirteen - The Rocky Mountain Region & The Intermontane West

Geography
The Rocky Mountain region is comprised of numerous, disconnected mountain ranges that span from New Mexico into the region's Canadian portion.

The Rocky Mountain Region

The Intermontane West is a clearly defined region, which extends from the Rockies to the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range, and stretches from British Columbia to Mexico.  The region is characterized by plateaus, basins, and blocky mountains.

The Intermontane West

Weather
The weather in the Rockies is usually mild, contrary to popular belief.  The region does not receive much precipitation, but rainfall levels increase with altitude.
The Intermontane West experiences a very dry climate which includes different climate realms.  Based on amount of precipitation received in each part of the region, those living in the Intermontane West can live in sub-humid, semi-arid, moderately arid, and extremely arid climate zones.

Economy
Although the majority of the Rocky Mountain region's land is not suitable for agriculture, due to the arid or semi-arid climate and rugged topography, a few select areas are appropriate for the growth of commercial crops.  Because of this, ranching is a much more common trade.  Mining and lumbering are also major contributors to the region's economy, as the major mineral wealth of the region can be found in copper, silver, gold, and oil.

Copper mine

The Intermontane West has found much success in irrigated agriculture. As the region is very dry, irrigation is necessary for agriculture to thrive.  Many also ranch in this region.  Tourism is a major economic sector in the Intermontane West.  Tourism is mainly driven by the presence of the national parks in the region.

Zion National Park

In cities like Denver in the Rocky Mountain Region, as well as in the Intermontane West, similarities can be drawn to New York City.  NYC is a large, influential metropolitan area, whose economy is highly driven by tourism.

Works Cited -
http://www.fs.usda.gov/r2/
http://newyorkgeo321.weebly.com/the-intermontane-west.html

Chapter Eleven - The Great Plains

The Great Plains is a region of North America that includes all or part of Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana in the United States, and all or part of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba in Canada.  

Topography & Agriculture

The Great Plains has a topography of rolling hills and a significant agricultural economy.  This region's main export crop is wheat - the United States provides approximately 90% of the world's wheat supply, of which 60% is grown in the Great Plains.  

Farmers of the Great Plains region have two growing seasons for wheat, one for Spring Wheat and another for Hard Winter Wheat.

Weather
Weather in the Great Plains region is variable from day to day. Tornadoes are a large part of the lives of those living in the Great Plains.  Tornadoes are more prevalent in the southern portion of this area as well as what is known as "Tornado Alley."  This video showcases one such tornado:

Settlement
The original inhabitants of the region, known as the Plains Indians, were found throughout the Great Plains area.  The first Europeans to settle in the region created their economic base through bison hunting, nearly rendering the species extinct in the process.
In recent years, the Great Plains has experienced population loss, particularly among this nation's youth. There is not an abundance of economic or cultural opportunities within the region, and so the younger generations turn to where these opportunities do exist, such as New York City.

Works Cited -
http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/

Chapter Ten - The Coastal South

The Coastal South region of the United States encompasses the land and offshore islands along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, extending south from Virginia to south Texas. The region therefore includes: all of Florida, parts of Louisiana, Alabama, Texas, Georgia, Mississippi, North and South Carolina, and Virginia.  The Coastal South is part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, which extends all the way to New York City.

Climate

The Coastal South experiences a humid, subtropical climate, with long, rainy summers and mild, wet winters.  In winter, snowfall and freezing temperatures are generally absent throughout much of the region.  This climate allows for the production of frost-intolerant products, such as citrus fruits.  The Coastal South experiences many thunderstorms annually, which tend to generate significant amounts of rainfall, and lightning in the area kills hundreds of residents per year.  

Florida orange groves

Settlement

Much like New York City, Galveston, Texas was a center for immigration.  It was a port of entry for tens of thousands of immigrants, many of whom were from Germany,  into the United States from the 1840s to the 1920s.  Galveston is therefore known as the Ellis Island of the Coastal South.  

Recreation & Tourism

NYC is known as the nation's business and financial hubbub - but the Coastal South region is famous for its recreation and tourism industries.  Millions of tourists are drawn to this region every year by the numerous resort communities and attractions, the most well-known of which is Walt Disney World.  

The presence of Walt Disney World alone, not taking other Disney-owned parks and other non-Disney enterprises located in the immediate area, increased the tourism of Orlando, Florida by ten-fold within twenty years of its opening.  

Works Cited - 

"The Coastal South." The Geography of North America: Environment, Culture, Economy. Pearson

     Education, Inc., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. <https://reader.cafescribe.com/reader/Reader.html?

     activationToken=LTSEV25ZSS7F2EK2&credential=K9ZJQ16J>.

Chapter Nine - The Inland South

The Inland South is a very large region of the southeastern United States, including Virginia, West Virginia, North/South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Arkansas, and portions of Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, and Missouri.  This region also encompasses portions of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, the Appalachian Mountains, and the American Central Lowland.

The Inland South is known for its weather to be hot and humid.  Winters are usually mild, but the region experiences precipitation year-round, particularly in the spring and summer months.  The Inland South is also notorious for its flash floods, which plague the region more than any other natural disaster.

The Inland South was home to many members of the Native American population, both before and after their removal on "The Trail of Tears."  The region later became the economic center of the nation during the American Revolution, as it utilized slave labor to produce and export mass quantities of cotton, as well as other goods.

Works Cited -
http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/pdfs/Topic12Inlandsouth.pdf

Chapter Eight - The Great Lakes & Corn Belt

The Great Lakes and Corn Belt are the heartland of America, due to its central location in the United States.  This label is placed on this region, particularly the state of Ohio, due to the fact that it is "at the heart of it all" (being the United States).

The Great Lakes-Corn Belt region of the United States encompasses the areas adjacent to and south of the Great Lakes, as well as eight US states (Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Indiana, Minnesota), and the southern portion of Ontario, Canada.  Because of this region's location, the area's economy is highly integrated and diverse.  

The Great Lakes-Corn Belt includes the region's largest city, Chicago, which is very similar to New York City.  Both are considered to be the metropolitan centers of their respective regions, with transportation connections extending to all over the world.  Chicago and New York City alike are influential global financial and commercial centers.  

Chicago

Like NYC, Chicago has many ethnic enclaves, including Little Italy and Chinatown, creating a diverse and unique living space.  

Little Italy, NYC

Works Cited - 

http://cascourses.uoregon.edu/geog471/pdfs/Topic12Greatlakescornbelt.pdf

Chapter Seven - Megalopolis

The Northeast Megalopolis is the most densely populated region in the United States, including the five major cities of Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and New York City.

Geography

Despite this region's population, it is concentrated into an area of about fifty thousand square miles, less than the size of the state of Illinois.  Megalopolis spreads across three physiographic regions in the Northeast: the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, and the Appalachian Mountains.  

Population

Megalopolis, aided by the strategic placement of Ellis Island in NYC, is the home to a wide immigrant population.  Megalopolis became a "landing wharf for European immigrants," creating significant diversity throughout the region.  Areas such as Little Italy and others sprung up around these city centers, creating a culture within Megalopolis all its own.

Climate & Weather

The climate in Megalopolis is moderate, with precipitation throughout the year.  The southern portion of Megalopolis is more humid in its subtropical climate, with hot, humid summers and mild winters.  The northern portion of Megalopolis observes a winter that is much longer and colder, and a summer that is much shorter and cooler.  Hurricanes are a major meteorological threat to this area.  

NYC Financial District

New York City is one of the five major cities included in the Megalopolis region of the Northeastern United States.  NYC remains the largest city in not only the United States, but in the world.  It is also the largest and most influential financial center across the globe, which plays a significant role in its inclusion in the Megalopolis region.  With a population of over nine million, and an additional eight million in its immediate surrounding areas, New York City is a major hubbub of Megalopolis.

Works Cited -
http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch4.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis

Chapter Five - The Atlantic Periphery

The Atlantic Periphery includes Newfoundland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and the eastern portion of New York State.  Therefore, New York City is located just outside of the Atlantic Periphery.

The area experiences weather similar to that of the northern Megalopolis, in which NYC is included - cool, mild summers and cold, snowy winters, with year-round precipitation.  

The Atlantic Periphery, in being considered a "peripheral" area, has a weak economy, and must rely upon the policies and decisions of stronger economies, such as that of Megalopolis.  New York City is considered to be a main portion of the Megalopolis of the New England area, and so acts as one of the economies which the Atlantic Periphery relies upon.  

The economy of the Atlantic Periphery is weak due to the lack of natural resources, marginal agriculture, and relative isolation.  But since NYC is adjacent to the Atlantic Periphery, there are often many spillovers between the two.  Such spillovers are evident in terms of tourism, second-home development, and permanent in-migration.  

Works Cited - 

http://newyorkgeo321.weebly.com/the-atlantic-periphery.html

Chapter Four - Political Economy

Agriculture
New York City is not necessarily a place you would expect urban agriculture to thrive - it is one of the most densely populated cities in the United States.  And yet, NYC is a leader in the practice of urban agriculture.  The city's urban agriculture community includes not only farmers and gardeners, but also school principals, sanitation workers, bodega owners, and public housing residents, as well as city officials, support organizations, and foundations.
New York City is host to two hundred, forty-five institutional farms, three commercial farms, three hundred, ninety community gardens, and seven community farms, total.

Community Garden

Institutional Farm

Economic Base

New York City is the core of international finance dealings and the global center of corporate headquarters in finance and services, real estate, media, entertainment and telecommunications, manufacturing, and trade.  Financial service jobs, though, are currently on the decline, as New York City is quickly becoming an international technological hubbub, particularly in what is being termed "Silicon Alley" - Upper Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island.

NYC currently leads the country in the number of Fortune 500 companies headquartered there, including eight of the world's top ten securities firms, and about two-fifths of the country's fifty leading law firms, as well as two hundred, nineteen banks representing every major global player.  The city's biggest industry is publishing, with more printing plants than anywhere else in the United States and employing approximately thirteen thousand individuals.  

New York City's clothing industry is headquartered in the Garment District near Times Square, where hundreds of factories employ more than one hundred thousand persons.  

NYC Garment District

7th Avenue (Fashion Avenue)

Works Cited -
http://www.urbandesignlab.columbia.edu/?pid=nyc-urban-agriculture
http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-Northeast/New-York-Economy.html

Chapter Three - Settlement

European settlement began on 3 September 1609, when Englishman Henry Hudson, in the employ of the Dutch East India Company, sailed through The Narrows into Upper New York Bay, searching for a westerly passage to Asia.

Henry Hudson

Hudson's report on the abundance of beavers in the city, at the time a high end fashion trend across Europe, served as the impetus for the founding of Dutch trading colonies in the New World, including New Amsterdam, which would later become New York City.




The Dutch West Indies Company transported African slaves as trading laborers for the area.  By the late seventeenth century, 40% of the region's settlers were African slaves. After the English took ownership of New Amsterdam in 1664, officially renaming the colony New York, they continued to import slaves from both Africa and the Caribbean.

New Amsterdam

During the American Revolution, NYC came under the control of the British, becoming its base on the North American continent until the end of 1783.

New York City served as the new nation of the United States' capital from 1785-9 under the Articles of Confederation, as well as briefly served as its capital from 1789-90 under the United States Constitution that replaced it.

Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, waves of new immigrants arrived from Europe, dramatically changing the composition of the city and serving as workers in the expanding industries.  Home to the infamous port, Ellis Island, NYC was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States, and thus, New York City served as the nation's busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892-1954.

Ellis Island

Throughout its history, NYC has served as a main port of entry for many immigrants, and its cultural and economic influence has made it one of the most important urban areas in not only the United States, but the world.









Works Cited -
http://www.ny.com/histfacts/settlement.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_York_City